Ruby 语言 速查备忘单

# Debian, Ubuntu
$ sudo apt-get install ruby-full
# Windows
$ winget install RubyInstallerTeam.Ruby
$ brew install ruby # macOS
$ docker run -it --rm ruby:latest # Docker

$ gem install bundler -v 2.4.20
$ gem install minitest -v 5.22.3

# Updating a single gem using Bundler
$ bundle update nokogiri
# Use Bundler to update each gem in the Gemfile
$ bundle update

From highest to lowest, this is the precedence table for ruby. High precedence operations happen before low precedence operations.

• !, ~, unary +
• **
• unary -
• *, /, %
• +, -
• <<, >>
• &
• |, ^

• , >=, <, <=

• <=>, ==, ===, !=, =~, !~
• &&
• ||
• .., ...
• ?, :
• modifier-rescue
• =, +=, -=, etc.
• defined?
• not
• or, and
• modifier-if, modifier-unless, modifier-while, modifier-until
• { } blocks

defined? count
"local-variable"
defined? @id
"instance-variable"
defined? @@name
"class variable"
defined? $version
"global-variable"
defined? PI
"constant"

# Both are synonyms
a = 37
a.kind_of? Integer
# true
a.is_a? Integer
# true

week_days = {sunday: 11, monday: 222}

2.even?
# true
3.even?
# false

.. Used to create inclusive ranges

range = 1..10
range.to_a
# output => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

... Used to create exclusive ranges

range = 1...10
range.to_a
# output => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

some useful methods

(1..20).step(2) { |number| puts "#{number}"}
# output
# 1
# 3
# 5
# 7
# 9
# 11
# 13
# 15
# 17
# 19

num = 2
puts 'two' if num == 2

If the condition is true, execute the code

temp = 19
if temp >= 25
  puts "hot"
elsif temp < 25 && temp >= 18
  puts "normal"
else
  puts "cold"
end
# output => normal

# Unless contrary to if , evaluates when the statement is false
name = "rob"
# if name != "bob"
unless name == "bob"
  puts "hello stranger"
else
  puts "hello bob"
end
# output => hello stranger
num = 6
puts 'not two' unless num == 2
# output => not two

case input
  when 19 then puts "It's 19"
end

case input
  when 19 then puts "It's 19"
else
  puts "It's not 19"
end

marks = 86
result = case marks
        when 0..49 then "Fail"
        when 50..64 then "Pass"
        when 65..74 then "Credit"
        when 75..84 then "Distinction"
        when 85..100 then "High Distinction"
        else "Invalid marks"
        end

puts result
# High Distinction

name = "World"
puts "Hello #{name}"
puts "The total is #{1+1}"
# "the total is 2"

String interpolation allows you to combine strings together

string = "abc123"
string[0,3]
# "abc"
string[3,3]
# "123"
string[0..-2]
# "abc12"
#remove or replace the substring
string[0..2] = ""
puts string
# "123"

A substring is a small part of a string, which is useful if you only want that specific part, like the beginning, middle, or end

"HELLO World".downcase  # "hello world"
"hello worlD".upcase    # "HELLO WORLD"
"hEllo wOrlD".capitalize # "Hello world"
"hEllo WOrlD".swapcase  # "HeLLO woRLd"

res = method_name(parameter1, parameter2)
# Methods can be called without parentheses
res = method_name parameter1, parameter2

def method_name(num1, num2 = num1)
    return num1 + num2
end
res = method_name(10)
# output => 20

def method_name(parameter1, parameter2, type = "ADD")
    puts "#{parameter1} #{parameter2}"
    return parameter1 + parameter2 if type == "ADD"
    return parameter1 - parameter2 if type == "SUB"
end
res = method_name(20, 10)
# output => 30

def method_name(type, *values)
    return values.reduce(:+) if type == "ADD"
    return values.reduce(:-) if type == "SUB"
end
numbers = [2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3]
res = method_name("ADD", *numbers)
# output => 15
res = method_name("SUB", *numbers)
# output => -11
# Or you can provide a value like this
res = method_name("ADD", 2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3)
# output => 15

a = ["Drama", "Mystery", "Crime",
"Sci-fi", "Disaster", "Thriller"]
a.sort
puts a
# We did not modify the object
# Drama
# Mystery
# Crime
# Sci-fi
# Disaster
# Thriller
a.sort!
puts a
# Modify object
# Crime
# Disaster
# Drama
# Mystery
# Sci-fi
# Thriller

若要修改对象本身，在方法后加 !

在 Ruby 中，以问号 (?) 结尾的方法称为布尔方法，返回 true 或 false

"some text".nil?
# false
nil.nil?
# true

你也可以自定义布尔方法

def is_vowel?(char)
    ['a','e','i','o','u'].include? char
end
is_vowel? 'a'
# true
is_vowel? 'b'
# false

# return value
def give_me_data
    data = yield
    puts "data = #{data}"
end
give_me_data { "Big data" }
# output => data = Big data

do…end（多行）或花括号 {…}（单行）之间的代码称为代码块， 并可在两根竖线之间定义多个参数 ( |arg1, arg2|)

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each { |s| puts s }
# puts s = block body
# |s| = block arguments

salary.each do |s|
    a = 10
    res = a * s
    puts res
end
# Block
# a = 10
# res = a * s
# puts res
# block parameters
# |s|

代码块可作为方法参数传入或与方法调用关联；代码块返回最后求值的语句

def give_me_data
    puts "I am inside give_me_data method"
    yield
    puts "I am back in give_me_data method"
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# I am inside give_me_data method
# Big data
# I am back in give_me_data method

def give_me_data
    yield
    yield
    yield
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# Big data
# Big data
# Big data

def give_me_data
    yield 10
    yield 100
    yield 30
end

give_me_data { |data| puts "Big data #{data} TB" }

# output
# Big data 10 TB
# Big data 100 TB
# Big data 30 TB

def give_me_data
    yield "Big data", 10, "TB"
    yield "Big data", 100, "GB"
    yield "Big data", 30, "MB"
end

give_me_data { |text, data, unit| puts "#{text} #{data} #{unit}" }

# output
# Big data 10 TB
# Big data 100 GB
# Big data 30 MB

give_me_data
    puts "I'm inside the give_me_data method"
end

def test
  puts "I'm inside the test method"
  give_me_data { return 10 } # Code returns from here
  puts "I am back in test method"
end

return_value = test

# output
# I'm inside the test method
# I'm inside the give_me_data method
# 10

def give_me_data(&block)
    block.call
    block.call
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }

# output
# Big data
# Big data

def give_me_data
    yield
end

give_me_data

# output
# LocalJumpError: no block given (yield)

def give_me_data
    return "no block" unless block_given?
    yield
end

give_me_data { puts "Big data" }
give_me_data

# output
# Big data

p = Proc.new { puts "Hello World" }

def give_me_data(proc)
    proc.call
end

give_me_data p

# output
# Hello World

proc 类似可存入变量的代码块

p = Proc.new { return 10 }
p.call
# output
LocalJumpError: unexpected return

def give_me_data
    puts "I'm inside the give_me_data method"
    p = Proc.new { return 10 }
    p.call # Code returns from here
    puts "I am back in give_me_data method"
end

return_value = give_me_data
puts return_value

# output
# I'm inside the give_me_data method
# 10

l = -> (count) { "Hello World " * count }
l.call 5
# output
# ""
l.call 5, 2
# output
wrong number of arguments (given 2, expected 1)

l = -> { return 10 }
l.call

# output => 10

array = Array.new   #=> []
# or
array = []

array = [1, "two", 3.0]
#=> [1, "two", 3.0]

temperature_data = [
              ["A908", 38],
              ["A909", 37],
              ["A910", 38],
          ]
temperature_data[0]    #=> ["A908", 38]
temperature_data[0][0] #=> "A908"
temperature_data[0][1] #=> 38

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]
str_array[0]            #=> "This"
str_array[1]            #=> "is"
str_array[4]            #=> "array"

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]
# Index -1 represents the last element
str_array[-1]        #=> "array"
# Index -2 represents the second to last element
str_array[-2]        #=> "small"
str_array[-6]        #=> nil

str_array = [
  "This", "is", "a", "small", "array"
]

puts str_array.at(0)      #=> "This"

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]
arr[100]                  #=> nil
arr[-3]                   #=> 4
arr[2, 3]                 #=> [3, 4, 5]
arr[1..4]                 #=> [2, 3, 4, 5]
arr[1..-3]                #=> [2, 3, 4]

arr = ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f']
arr.fetch(100)
#=> IndexError: Index outside array bounds 100：-6...6
arr.fetch(100, "oops")    #=> "oops"

越界时给出默认值

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

arr.first     # first value => 1
arr.last      # last value => 6
# take Returns the first n elements
arr.take(3)   #=> [1, 2, 3]
# drop after n elements have been deleted
arr.drop(3)   #=> [4, 5, 6]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.push(11)
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
numbers.push(12, 13, 14)
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]

num_array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
num_array.pop             #=> 10
num_array
#=> [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.unshift(0)
#=> [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.unshift(-3, -2, -1)
#=> [-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.shift #=> 1
numbers
#=> [2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete_at(2) #=> 4
numbers
#=> [2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete(2) #=> 2
numbers           #=> [3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]

numbers = Array.new(10) { |n| n = n * 2 }
#=> [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]

numbers = Array(100..110)
#=> [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110]

# Or we can convert the range to an array
(100..110).to_a
#=> [100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110]

arr = ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, nil]
arr.compact  #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]
arr      #=> ['foo', 0, nil, 'bar', 7, nil]
arr.compact! #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]
arr      #=> ['foo', 0, 'bar', 7]

arr = [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]
arr # => [2, 5, 6, 556, 6, 6, 8, 9, 0, 123, 556]
arr.uniq! #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]
arr #=> [2, 5, 6, 556, 8, 9, 0, 123]

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.include? "Mars"
# output => true
planets.include? "Pluto"
# output => false

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.size
# output => 8
planets.length
# output => 8

可用 size 或 length，二者同义

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.clear
# output => []

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers[0]
# or
numbers.first
# output => 1

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers[-1]
# or
numbers.last
# output => 10

a = ["tom", "mot", "otm"]
b = [2, 3, 5]
a.zip(b)
# output
# [["tom", 2], ["mot", 3], ["otm", 5]]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.max_by { |p| p }
# output => 7

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.take(3)
# [7, 2, 3]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.fetch(3)
# 5
# Fetch will throw an error if the element does not exist
primes.fetch(10)
# (index 10 outside of array bounds: -4...4)
# or get an 默认值
primes.fetch(10, -1)
# -1

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.drop(3)
# [5]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.shift
# [2, 3, 5]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.pop
# [7, 2, 3]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5]
primes.delete_at(-1)
# [7, 2, 3]

primes = [7, 2, 3, 5, 5]
primes.delete(5)
# [7, 2, 3]

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each_with_index { |value, index| puts "#{index} #{value}" }
# output
# 0 399
# 1 234
# 2 566
# 3 533
# 4 233

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each_index { |i| puts i}
# output
# 0
# 1
# 2
# 3
# 4

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.map { |s|  s * 10  }
# return
# [3990, 2340, 5660, 5330, 2330]
# On the other hand, each returns the original value
salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each { |s|  s * 10  }
# return
# [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.collect { |s| s > 400 }
# output
# [false, false, true, true, false]

for value in [2, 3, 5, 7]
    puts value
end

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = 0
while index < planets.size
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index += 1
end

a = 1
star = '*'
while a <= 10
    puts star
    star += '*'
    a += 1
end

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = 0
loop do
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index += 1
    break if planets[index] == "Mars" or index > planets.size
end

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
index = planets.size - 1
until index < 0
    puts "#{planets[index]}"
    index -= 1
end

a = 1
star = '*'
until star.length > 10
    puts star
    star += '*'
    a += 1
end

10.times { puts "#{rand(1..100)}"}
# output
# will print 10 random numbers

虽然可以这样写，但不代表就应该这样遍历数组

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
data_sample.size.times { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 2
# 3
# 5
# 7

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
0.upto((data_sample.size - 1) / 2) { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 2
# 3

data_sample = [2, 3, 5, 7]
(data_sample.size - 1).downto(data_sample.size / 2) { |index| puts "#{data_sample[index]}" }
# output
# 7
# 5

numbers = [2, 2, 2, 2, 2]
numbers.reduce(11, :+)
# output
# 21

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.detect { |name| name.start_with?("E") and name.end_with?("h") }
# output
# Earth
salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.detect { |s| s > 1000 }
# output
# nil

planets = ["Mercury", "Venus", "Earth", "Mars", "Jupiter", "Saturn", "Uranus", "Neptune"]
planets.find { |name| name.start_with?("E") and name.end_with?("h") }
# output
# Earth

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.select { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# Now you have an even array
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]
# If there are no values that satisfy your logic, return an empty array
[1, 1, 1].select { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# no even numbers
# []

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.reject { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# Reject if the number is even, so now we have an odd array
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.keep_if { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# numbers Array contains only even numbers
# [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
numbers.delete_if { |n| n % 2 == 0 }
# numbers Array contains only odd numbers
# [1, 3, 5, 7, 9]

numbers = [1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3, 0]
numbers.drop_while { |n| n < 3 }
# is 3 less than 3, returns false, so delete 1, 2
# [3, 1, 2, 3, 0]

words = %w[first second third fourth fifth sixth]
str = ""
words.reverse_each {|word| str += "#{word} "}
p str #=> "sixth fifth fourth third second first "

[2, 4, 6, 8, 10].all? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 4, 6, 8, 10].all? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

[1, 3, 5, 7, 10].any? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 3, 5, 7, 19].any? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

[1, 3, 2, 5, 7].one? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[1, 3, 2, 5, 4].one? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

[1, 3, 5, 7, 9].none? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# true
[2, 3, 5, 7, 9].none? { |num| num % 2 == 0 }
# false

[].empty?
# true
[1, 3, 5, 7, 9].empty?
# false

[0, 1, 2, 3] & [1, 2] # => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 0, 1] & [0, 1] # => [0, 1]

[0, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3])
# => [0, 1]
[0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 3].intersection([0, 1, 2], [0, 1, 3])
# => [0, 1]

a = [0, 1] + [2, 3]
a # => [0, 1, 2, 3]

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1] - [1]
# => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3] - [3, 0]
# => [1, 2]
[0, 1, 2] - [4]
# => [0, 1, 2]

[0, 1, 2, 3].union([4, 5], [6, 7])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]
[0, 1, 1].union([2, 1], [3, 1])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].union([3, 2], [1, 0])
# => [0, 1, 2, 3]

[0, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 3, 1, 1].difference([1])
# => [0, 2, 3]
[0, 1, 2, 3].difference([3, 0], [1, 3])
# => [2]
[0, 1, 2].difference([4])
# => [0, 1, 2]

a = [0, 1, 2]
a1 = [3, 4]
p = a.product(a1)
p.size # => 6 # a.size * a1.size
p # => [[0, 3], [0, 4], [1, 3], [1, 4], [2, 3], [2, 4]]

# variable count
count = 4
# using while loop
# here conditional is count i.e. 4
while count >= 1
  # statements to be executed
  puts "Ruby Cheatsheet"
  count = count - 1
  # while loop ends here
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet

# loop using range as expression
text = "Ruby Cheatsheet"
# using for loop with the range
for count in 1..5 do
  puts text
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet
Ruby Cheatsheet

# starting of do..while loop
loop do
  puts "Ruby Cheatsheet"
  val = '7'
  # using boolean expressions
  if val == '7'
    break
  end
  # ending of ruby do..while loop
end

output

Ruby Cheatsheet

var = 7
# here do is 可选
until var == 11 do
  # code to be executed
  puts var * 10
  var = var + 1
  # here loop ends
end

output

70
80
90
100

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each do |s|
  break if s == 566
  puts s
end
# output
# 399
# 234

使用 break 关键字

salary = [399, 234, 566, 533, 233]
salary.each do |s|
  next if s == 533
  puts s
end
# output
# 399
# 234
# 566
# 233

使用 next 关键字

data = [456, 3000]
retry_count = 0
status = "network failure"
sum = 0
data.each do |d|
    if retry_count == 3
        status = "connection established"
        retry_count = 0
        redo
    elsif status == "network failure" and retry_count < 5
        puts "network failure #{retry_count}"
        retry_count += 1
        redo
    elsif status == "connection established"
        puts d
        sum += d
    end
end
# output of sum
# 3456

numbers = [2, 2, 44, 44]
sum = 0
begin
    numbers.each do |s|
        if rand(1..10) == 5
            puts "hi 5, let's do it again!"
            sum = 0
            raise "hi 5"
        end
        puts s
        sum += s
    end
rescue
    retry
end

class Person
    attr_accessor :name, :number
end
# Inherit methods and properties from parent class using < symbol
class Student < Person
    attr_accessor :id
end
s = Student.new
s.name = "James Bond"
s.number = 700
s.id = 678
puts "#{p.name}"
James Bond
puts "#{p.number}"
700
puts "#{p.id}"
678

class Vehicle; end
class Car < Vehicle; end
class Audi < Car; end
car = Car.new
car.instance_of? Vehicle
false
car.instance_of? Car
true
car.instance_of? Audi
false
a = 7
a.instance_of? Integer
true
a.instance_of? Numeric
false

当对象是给定类的实例（而非其子类或父类实例）时返回 true

puts (String.methods).sort
# Exclude methods inherited from Object class
puts (String.methods - Object.public_instance_methods).sort

String.respond_to?(:prepend)
true
String.respond_to?(:append)
false